{"id":13933,"date":"2024-11-05T15:53:59","date_gmt":"2024-11-05T13:53:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ibucharest.com\/?p=13933"},"modified":"2024-11-05T15:54:05","modified_gmt":"2024-11-05T13:54:05","slug":"cele-mai-importante-inventii-ale-bucurestiului","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ibucharest.com\/ro\/eternal-13933-cele-mai-importante-inventii-ale-bucurestiului","title":{"rendered":"Cele mai importante inven\u021bii ale Bucure\u0219tiului"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\u00cen fiecare zi folosim diverse gadgeturi care ne fac via\u021ba mai u\u0219oar\u0103. Rareori ne g\u00e2ndim la istoria apari\u021biei acestor obiecte. De asemenea, ne imagin\u0103m adesea c\u0103 toate tehnologiile avansate au fost create \u00een Statele Unite sau, de exemplu, \u00een China. Cu toate acestea, nu este evident c\u0103 tocmai savan\u021bii bucure\u0219teni au inventat multe lucruri esen\u021biale pe care le folosim frecvent. \u00cen acest articol, vom vorbi despre inven\u021biile care au luat na\u0219tere \u00een capitala Rom\u00e2niei. Mai multe informa\u021bii g\u0103si\u021bi pe <a href=\"http:\/\/ibucharest.com\">ibucharest.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_74 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69ffcb265d528\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69ffcb265d528\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/ibucharest.com\/ro\/eternal-13933-cele-mai-importante-inventii-ale-bucurestiului\/#Diorama\" >Diorama<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/ibucharest.com\/ro\/eternal-13933-cele-mai-importante-inventii-ale-bucurestiului\/#Cibernetica\" >Cibernetica<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/ibucharest.com\/ro\/eternal-13933-cele-mai-importante-inventii-ale-bucurestiului\/#Pila_lui_Karpen\" >Pila lui Karpen<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/ibucharest.com\/ro\/eternal-13933-cele-mai-importante-inventii-ale-bucurestiului\/#Scaunul_ejectabil\" >Scaunul ejectabil<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/ibucharest.com\/ro\/eternal-13933-cele-mai-importante-inventii-ale-bucurestiului\/#Pixul\" >Pixul<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Diorama\"><\/span>Diorama<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Savantul bucure\u0219tean Grigore Antipa a inventat un element important pentru muzee \u2014 diorama. Diorama este o reprezentare spa\u021bial\u0103 a unui peisaj pe fundalul c\u0103ruia sunt expuse adesea animale \u00eemp\u0103iate sau manechine. Diorama permite o reproducere realist\u0103 a ecosistemelor \u0219i creeaz\u0103 impresia unui peisaj autentic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Grigore Antipa a fost biolog, zoolog \u0219i naturalist. A fost profesor la Universitatea Rom\u00e2n\u0103 \u0219i fondatorul Muzeului Na\u021bional de Istorie Natural\u0103 din Bucure\u0219ti, care \u00eei poart\u0103 numele.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aceast\u0103 inven\u021bie a marcat un nou capitol \u00een evolu\u021bia muzeelor de \u0219tiin\u021be naturale. Primele diorame reprezentau Mun\u021bii Carpa\u021bi \u0219i Delta Dun\u0103rii. De asemenea, \u00een Muzeul Na\u021bional de Istorie Natural\u0103 exist\u0103 multe diorame care ilustreaz\u0103 tundra, preria, savana sau de\u0219ertul Sahara. Multe institu\u021bii muzeale din \u00eentreaga lume au cerut ajutorul lui Antipa pentru a-\u0219i reorganiza colec\u021biile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cibernetica\"><\/span>Cibernetica<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Cibernetica este \u0219tiin\u021ba care studiaz\u0103 controlul sistemelor complexe bazate pe feedback. Termenul este utilizat \u00een mod special \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu sistemele digitale, dar aria sa de aplicabilitate este mult mai larg\u0103, fiind utilizat\u0103 \u00een studierea proces\u0103rii \u0219i reac\u021biilor la informa\u021bii, precum \u0219i \u00een evaluarea schimb\u0103rilor sistemelor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Unul dintre fondatorii ciberneticii a fost savantul rom\u00e2n \u0218tefan Odobleja. Acesta a studiat psihocibernetica \u0219i cibernetica generalizat\u0103. \u00cen 1929, a publicat lucrarea \u201eMetoda transonan\u021bei toracice\u201d, unde a enun\u021bat prima dat\u0103 legea reversibilit\u0103\u021bii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00cen 1937, Odobleja a participat la Congresul Interna\u021bional de Medicin\u0103 Militar\u0103 de la Bucure\u0219ti, unde \u0219i-a prezentat lucrarea \u201ePsihologia consonant\u0103\u201d, public\u00e2nd prima versiune a conceptului de cibernetic\u0103 generalizat\u0103 \u0219i eviden\u021biind caracterul s\u0103u interdisciplinar. Aceast\u0103 teorie a fost ulterior popularizat\u0103 \u00een literatura american\u0103 \u0219i european\u0103 \u0219i aplicat\u0103 pe scar\u0103 larg\u0103 \u00een diverse domenii. \u00cen 1972, Odobleja a \u00eenceput s\u0103 dezvolte teoria conform c\u0103reia cibernetica are origini \u00een psihologie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pila_lui_Karpen\"><\/span>Pila lui Karpen<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pila Karpen este o baterie electric\u0103 care furnizeaz\u0103 energie ne\u00eentrerupt de peste 50 de ani. Inventatorul acestui miracol tehnologic este savantul bucure\u0219tean Nicolae Vasilescu-Karpen. Vasilescu-Karpen a fost un savant, inventator \u0219i fizician care, acum o jum\u0103tate de secol, a inventat aceast\u0103 pil\u0103 \u0219i a declarat c\u0103 va func\u021biona ve\u0219nic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aceast\u0103 pil\u0103 este p\u0103strat\u0103 la Muzeul Na\u021bional Tehnic \u201eDimitrie Leonida\u201d din Bucure\u0219ti, fiind amplasat\u0103 \u00eentr-un seif blindat \u00een biroul directorului muzeului. Seiful reprezint\u0103 o celul\u0103 termoelectric\u0103 de temperatur\u0103 uniform\u0103, cunoscut\u0103 sub denumirea de \u201ecelula Karpen\u201d. Aceast\u0103 pil\u0103 este de fapt un perpetuum mobile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Crearea unui perpetuum mobile a fost visul omenirii de-a lungul secolelor. Un astfel de dispozitiv ar putea rezolva definitiv nevoia actual\u0103 de energie. Cu toate acestea, aceast\u0103 provocare a fost abordat\u0103 doar de oameni de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 marginaliza\u021bi, considera\u021bi adesea nebuni. Nicolae Vasilescu-Karpen a \u00eenceput s\u0103 lucreze la aceast\u0103 idee chiar \u00eenainte de Primul R\u0103zboi Mondial. Pilula a fost brevetat\u0103 \u00een 1922 \u0219i const\u0103 \u00een dou\u0103 elemente electrice conectate, care antreneaz\u0103 un minireglaj galvanometric. Acest mecanism mi\u0219c\u0103 o palet\u0103 conectat\u0103 la un comutator. La fiecare jum\u0103tate de rota\u021bie, paleta \u00eentrerupe circuitul, care se re\u00eenchide la urm\u0103toarea jum\u0103tate de rota\u021bie. Pe durata rota\u021biei, bateriile au timp s\u0103 se re\u00eencarce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Scaunul_ejectabil\"><\/span>Scaunul ejectabil<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.ibucharest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/69\/2024\/11\/17233535\/ad_4nxfe_ljds4prnex7qnzs5okbcf_9rwr4-oeylmqy-qh3km4zn6krp0tz1ghlvopx_44oipmhaxzkjg15yp9mjpdwp5corfidx07tfqb_pwshxprg_k-u2dedv7aepd4mq1tcjuplm9pccfsjwkcgjw5tbutukeyfhscckwt-lwnkfxm0bnfpmp9.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>La sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului XIX \u2014 \u00eenceputul secolului XX, mul\u021bi ingineri <a href=\"https:\/\/bucharestfuture.eu\/uk\/eternal-istoriya-najbilshyh-aviakatastrof-buharestu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aeronautici<\/a> s-au concentrat pe proiectarea \u0219i pilotarea aeronavelor. \u00cens\u0103, omul de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 Anastase Dragomir \u0219i-a \u00eendreptat aten\u021bia asupra siguran\u021bei pasagerilor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00cen 1928, Dragomir a brevetat \u201ecabina catapultabil\u0103\u201d. Era un sistem de ejectare cu para\u0219ut\u0103 din avioane, prin care fiecare pasager avea propriul para\u0219ut pentru a putea p\u0103r\u0103si aeronava \u00een caz de urgen\u021b\u0103. \u00cen 1950, Dragomir a brevetat \u201ecelula para\u0219utat\u0103\u201d, prev\u0103zut\u0103 cu un sp\u0103tar retractabil pentru ejectarea cabinei. Ideea lui Dragomir a fost implementat\u0103 \u00een avioanele militare moderne, dotate cu scaune ejectabile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pixul\"><\/span>Pixul<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.ibucharest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/69\/2024\/11\/17233534\/ad_4nxfeqcrkjavvdcx5vhhyoboqxu8g5ibl2dduc3oas7crdozs2eewy_azbffbygf7fiwl7qyz0q8ywsrqnvtguzaqsmzy28hopkngg1u1hyh-eslpvi1bdsyg3cmonys0rfxldid_602to5npkyhhd7tsttzgkeyfhscckwt-lwnkfxm0bnfpmp9.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00cen 1821, savantul Petrache Poenaru lucra ca secretar pentru Tudor Vladimirescu \u00een timpul revolu\u021biei. Activitatea sa implica scrisul, ceea ce presupunea utilizarea intens\u0103 a penei \u0219i a cernelei. Astfel, i-a venit ideea de a crea primul pix din lume.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00cen 1826, din cauza \u00eenfr\u00e2ngerii lui Vladimirescu, Poenaru a fost nevoit s\u0103 p\u0103r\u0103seasc\u0103 Bucure\u0219tiul. \u00cen 1827, fiind deja \u00een Fran\u021ba, a ob\u021binut brevetul pentru realizarea unui stilou portabil alimentat cu cerneal\u0103. Aceast\u0103 inven\u021bie a revolu\u021bionat domeniul instrumentelor de scris, av\u00e2nd un impact major asupra culturii universale. Ast\u0103zi, pixul este un instrument folosit de toat\u0103 lumea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Surse: <a href=\"http:\/\/descopera.ro\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">descopera.ro<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/rador.ro\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rador.ro<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/historia.ro\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">historia.ro<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00cen fiecare zi folosim diverse gadgeturi care ne fac via\u021ba mai u\u0219oar\u0103. Rareori ne g\u00e2ndim la istoria apari\u021biei acestor obiecte. De asemenea, ne imagin\u0103m adesea c\u0103 toate tehnologiile avansate au fost create \u00een Statele Unite sau, de exemplu, \u00een China. Cu toate acestea, nu este evident c\u0103 tocmai savan\u021bii bucure\u0219teni au inventat multe lucruri esen\u021biale [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":485,"featured_media":13255,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4862],"tags":[5956,5957,5954,5955,5723,5958,5936,5722,5941,5940,5959],"motype":[4864],"moformat":[5486],"moimportance":[32,35],"class_list":{"0":"post-13933","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-sunt-inovator","8":"tag-energie","9":"tag-gadgeturi","10":"tag-inventii","11":"tag-inventii-bucurestene","12":"tag-istoria-bucurestiului-2","13":"tag-masina-cu-miscare-perpetua","14":"tag-oameni-de-stiinta-bucuresteni","15":"tag-romania-2","16":"tag-stiinta-2","17":"tag-stiinta-bucuresteana","18":"tag-tehnologie","19":"motype-eternal","20":"moformat-c-l","21":"moimportance-golovna-novyna","22":"moimportance-retranslyacziya-v-agregatory"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibucharest.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13933","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibucharest.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibucharest.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibucharest.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/485"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibucharest.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13933"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ibucharest.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13933\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13940,"href":"https:\/\/ibucharest.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13933\/revisions\/13940"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibucharest.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13255"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibucharest.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13933"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibucharest.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13933"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibucharest.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13933"},{"taxonomy":"motype","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibucharest.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/motype?post=13933"},{"taxonomy":"moformat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibucharest.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/moformat?post=13933"},{"taxonomy":"moimportance","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibucharest.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/moimportance?post=13933"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}